PERSONALITY
Personality is defined as the characteristic sets of behaviors, cognitions, and emotional patterns that evolve from biological and environmental factors… While there is no generally agreed upon definition of personality, most theories focus on motivation and psychological interactions with one’s environment… Trait-based personality theories, such as those defined by Raymond Cattell, define personality as the traits that predict a person’s behavior. On the other hand, more behaviorally-based approaches define personality through learning and habits. Nevertheless, most theories view personality as relatively stable.
The study of the psychology of personality, called personality psychology, attempts to explain the tendencies that underlie differences in behavior. Many approaches have been taken on to study personality, including biological, cognitive, learning and trait-based theories, as well as psychodynamic, and humanistic approaches. Personality psychology is divided among the first theorists, with a few influential theories being posited by Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Gordon Allport, Hans Eysenck, Abraham Maslow, and Carl Rogers.The biological basis of personality is the theory that anatomical structures located in the brain contribute to personality traits. This stems from neuropsychology, which studies how the structure of the brain relates to various psychological processes and behaviors. For instance, in human beings, the frontal lobes are responsible for foresight and anticipation, and the occipital lobes are responsible for processing visual information. In addition, certain physiological functions such as hormone secretion also affect personality. For example, the hormone testosterone is important for sociability, affectivity, aggressiveness, and sexuality..9. Additionally, studies show that the expression of a personality trait depends on the volume of the brain cortex it is associated with.
There is also a confusion among some psychologists who conflate personality with temperament. Temperament traits that are based on weak neurochemical imbalances within neurotransmitter systems are much more stable, consistent in behavior and show up in early childhood; they can’t be changed easily but can be compensated for in behavior. In contrast to that, personality traits and features are the product of the socio-cultural development of humans and can be learned and/or changed.
Personology confers a multidimensional, complex, and comprehensive approach to personality. According to Henry A. Murray, personology is “The branch of psychology which concerns itself with the study of human lives and the factors that influence their course which investigates individual differences and types of personality… the science of men, taken as gross units… encompassing “psychoanalysis” (Freud), “analytical psychology” (Jung), “individual psychology” (Adler) and other terms that stand for methods of inquiry or doctrines rather than realms of knowledge.” From a holistic perspective, personology studies personality as a whole, as a system, but in the same time through all its components, levels and spheres
One of the theories that falls under this approach is the psychodynamic theory. This theory, created by Sigmund Freud, says that three mental structures determine our personality. These structures are the id, ego, and superego. The id is responsible for impulses, the superego for the idealized self and our moral code, and the ego for rational thought. Basically, it is the ego’s job to satisfy the impulses of the id but also stay within the moral code of the superego.
The ego uses defense mechanisms to protect one’s mind from the conflictual ideas of the id and superego. These defense mechanisms work at the unconscious level and help a person deal with threatening events. These defense styles vary in adaptive value. So, a defense style that doesn’t provide the appropriate change to the person so that they can deal with the threatening event usually suggests the repeated use of immature defenses, such as denial.In psychological trait theory, the Big Five personality traits, also known as the five-factor model (FFM) and the OCEAN model, is a suggested taxonomy, or grouping, for personality traits,.. developed from the 1980s onwards. When factor analysis (a statistical technique) is applied to personality survey data, it reveals semantic associations: some words used to describe aspects of personality are often applied to the same person. For example, someone described as conscientious is more likely to be described as “always prepared” rather than “messy”. These associations suggest five broad dimensions used in common language to describe the human personality and psyche…..
Big five personality
Big five personality traits peats
The big five personality traits
The theory identifies five factors:
Openness to experience (inventive/curious vs. consistent/cautious)
Conscientiousness (efficient/organized vs. extravagant/careless)
Extraversion (outgoing/energetic vs. solitary/)
Agreeableness (friendly/compassionate vs. challenging/callous)
Neuroticism (sensitive/nervous vs. resilient/confident)
The five factors are abbreviated in the acronyms OCEAN or CANOE. Beneath each proposed global factor, there are a number of correlated and more specific primary factors. For example, extraversion is typically associated with qualities such as gregariousness, assertiveness, excitement-seeking, warmth, activity, and positive emotions…
Family life and upbringing will affect these traits. Twin studies and other research have shown that about half of the variation between individuals results from their genetic inheritance and half from their environment. Researchers have found conscientiousness, extraversion, openness to experience, and neuroticism to be relatively stable from childhood through adulthood…
Personality is defined as the characteristic sets of behaviors, cognitions, and emotional patterns that evolve from biological and environmental factors… While there is no generally agreed upon definition of personality, most theories focus on motivation and psychological interactions with one’s environment… Trait-based personality theories, such as those defined by Raymond Cattell, define personality as the traits that predict a person’s behavior. On the other hand, more behaviorally-based approaches define personality through learning and habits. Nevertheless, most theories view personality as relatively stable.
The study of the psychology of personality, called personality psychology, attempts to explain the tendencies that underlie differences in behavior. Many approaches have been taken on to study personality, including biological, cognitive, learning and trait-based theories, as well as psychodynamic, and humanistic approaches. Personality psychology is divided among the first theorists, with a few influential theories being posited by Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Gordon Allport, Hans Eysenck, Abraham Maslow, and Carl Rogers.The biological basis of personality is the theory that anatomical structures located in the brain contribute to personality traits. This stems from neuropsychology, which studies how the structure of the brain relates to various psychological processes and behaviors. For instance, in human beings, the frontal lobes are responsible for foresight and anticipation, and the occipital lobes are responsible for processing visual information. In addition, certain physiological functions such as hormone secretion also affect personality. For example, the hormone testosterone is important for sociability, affectivity, aggressiveness, and sexuality..9. Additionally, studies show that the expression of a personality trait depends on the volume of the brain cortex it is associated with.
There is also a confusion among some psychologists who conflate personality with temperament. Temperament traits that are based on weak neurochemical imbalances within neurotransmitter systems are much more stable, consistent in behavior and show up in early childhood; they can’t be changed easily but can be compensated for in behavior. In contrast to that, personality traits and features are the product of the socio-cultural development of humans and can be learned and/or changed.
Personology confers a multidimensional, complex, and comprehensive approach to personality. According to Henry A. Murray, personology is “The branch of psychology which concerns itself with the study of human lives and the factors that influence their course which investigates individual differences and types of personality… the science of men, taken as gross units… encompassing “psychoanalysis” (Freud), “analytical psychology” (Jung), “individual psychology” (Adler) and other terms that stand for methods of inquiry or doctrines rather than realms of knowledge.” From a holistic perspective, personology studies personality as a whole, as a system, but in the same time through all its components, levels and spheres
One of the theories that falls under this approach is the psychodynamic theory. This theory, created by Sigmund Freud, says that three mental structures determine our personality. These structures are the id, ego, and superego. The id is responsible for impulses, the superego for the idealized self and our moral code, and the ego for rational thought. Basically, it is the ego’s job to satisfy the impulses of the id but also stay within the moral code of the superego.
The ego uses defense mechanisms to protect one’s mind from the conflictual ideas of the id and superego. These defense mechanisms work at the unconscious level and help a person deal with threatening events. These defense styles vary in adaptive value. So, a defense style that doesn’t provide the appropriate change to the person so that they can deal with the threatening event usually suggests the repeated use of immature defenses, such as denial.
Openness to experience.
Openness to experience is a general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience. People who are open to experience are intellectually curious, open to emotion, sensitive to beauty and willing to try new things. They tend to be, when compared to closed people, more creative and more aware of their feelings. They are also more likely to hold unconventional beliefs. High openness can be perceived as unpredictability or lack of focus, and more likely to engage in risky behavior or drug-taking… Moreover, individuals with high openness are said to pursue self-actualization specifically by seeking out intense, euphoric experiences. Conversely, those with low openness seek to gain fulfillment through perseverance and are characterized as pragmatic and data-driven—sometimes even perceived to be dogmatic and closed-minded. Some disagreement remains about how to interpret and contextualize the openness factor..clarification needed.
Sample items.
I have excellent ideas.
I am quick to understand things.
I use difficult words.
I am full of ideas.
I am not interested in abstractions. (reversed)
I do not have a good imagination. (reversed)
I have difficulty understanding abstract ideas. (reversed)..
Conscientiousness.
Conscientiousness is a tendency to display self-discipline, act dutifully, and strive for achievement against measures or outside expectations. It is related to the way in which people control, regulate, and direct their impulses. High conscientiousness is often perceived as being stubborn and focused. Low conscientiousness is associated with flexibility and spontaneity, but can also appear as sloppiness and lack of reliability… High scores on conscientiousness indicate a preference for planned rather than spontaneous behavior..8. The average level of conscientiousness rises among young adults and then declines among older adults..9.
Sample items.
I am always prepared.
I pay attention to details.
I get chores done right away.
I like order.
I follow a schedule.
I am exacting in my work.
I never forget my belongings.
I always end up being helpful to most things.
I often remember where I last put my things.
I give attention to my duties…
Extraversion.
Extraversion is characterized by breadth of activities (as opposed to depth), surgency from external activity/situations, and energy creation from external means..0. The trait is marked by pronounced engagement with the external world. Extraverts enjoy interacting with people, and are often perceived as full of energy. They tend to be enthusiastic, action-oriented individuals. They possess high group visibility, like to talk, and assert themselves. Extraverted people may appear more dominant in social settings, as opposed to introverted people in this setting..1.
Introverts have lower social engagement and energy levels than extraverts. They tend to seem quiet, low-key, deliberate, and less involved in the social world. Their lack of social involvement should not be interpreted as shyness or depression; instead they are more independent of their social world than extraverts. Introverts need less stimulation, and more time alone than extraverts. This does not mean that they are unfriendly or antisocial; rather, they are reserved in social situations…
Generally, people are a combination of extraversion and introversion, with personality psychologist Hans Eysenck suggesting a model by which individual neurological differences produce these traits..1.:106
Sample items.
I am the life of the party.
I don’t mind being the center of attention.
I feel comfortable around people.
I start conversations.
I talk to a lot of different people at parties.
I don’t talk a lot. (reversed)
I think a lot before I speak or act. (reversed)
I don’t like to draw attention to myself. (reversed)
I am quiet around strangers. (reversed)
I have no intention of talking in large crowds. (reversed)..
Agreeableness.
The agreeableness trait reflects individual differences in general concern for social harmony. Agreeable individuals value getting along with others. They are generally considerate, kind, generous, trusting and trustworthy, helpful, and willing to compromise their interests with others… Agreeable people also have an optimistic view of human nature.
Disagreeable individuals place self-interest above getting along with others. They are generally unconcerned with others’ well-being, and are less likely to extend themselves for other people. Sometimes their skepticism about others’ motives causes them to be suspicious, unfriendly, and uncooperative..2. Low agreeableness personalities are often competitive or challenging people, which can be seen as argumentative or untrustworthy…
Because agreeableness is a social trait, research has shown that one’s agreeableness positively correlates with the quality of relationships with one’s team members. Agreeableness also positively predicts transformational leadership skills. In a study conducted among 169 participants in leadership positions in a variety of professions, individuals were asked to take a personality test and have two evaluations completed by directly supervised subordinates. Leaders with high levels of agreeableness were more likely to be considered transformational rather than transactional. Although the relationship was not strong (r=0.2, β=0.8, p<0.01), it was the strongest of the Big Five traits. However, the same study showed no predictive power of leadership effectiveness as evaluated by the leader’s direct supervisor..3.
Conversely, agreeableness has been found to be negatively related to transactional leadership in the military. A study of Asian military units showed leaders with a high level of agreeableness to be more likely to receive a low rating for transformational leadership skills… Therefore, with further research, organizations may be able to determine an individual’s potential for performance based on their personality traits. For instance,.. in their journal article “Which Personality Attributes Are Most Important in the Workplace?” Paul Sackett and Philip Walmsley claim that conscientiousness and agreeableness are “important to success across many different jobs.”
Sample items.
I am interested in people.
I sympathize with others’ feelings.
I have a soft heart.
I take time out for others.
I feel others’ emotions.
I make people feel at ease.
I am not really interested in others. (reversed)
I insult people. (reversed)
I am not interested in other people’s problems. (reversed)
I feel little concern for others. (reversed)..
Neuroticism.
Neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anger, anxiety, or depression… It is sometimes called emotional instability, or is reversed and referred to as emotional stability. According to Hans Eysenck’s (1967) theory of personality, neuroticism is interlinked with low tolerance for stress or aversive stimuli… Neuroticism is a classic temperament trait that has been studied in temperament research for decades, before it was adapted by the FFM..8. Those who score high in neuroticism are emotionally reactive and vulnerable to stress. They are more likely to interpret ordinary situations as threatening. They can perceive minor frustrations as hopelessly difficult. They also tend to be flippant in the way they express emotions. Their negative emotional reactions tend to persist for unusually long periods of time, which means they are often in a bad mood. For instance, neuroticism is connected to a pessimistic approach toward work, to certainty that work impedes personal relationships, and to higher levels of anxiety from the pressures at work..9. Furthermore, those who score high on neuroticism may display more skin-conductance reactivity than those who score low on neuroticism….0. These problems in emotional regulation can diminish the ability of a person scoring high on neuroticism to think clearly, make decisions, and cope effectively with stress. Lacking contentment in one’s life achievements can correlate with high neuroticism scores and increase one’s likelihood of falling into clinical depression. Moreover, individuals high in neuroticism tend to experience more negative life events,…1. but neuroticism also changes in response to positive and negative life experiences….1. Also, individuals with higher levels of neuroticism tend to have worse psychological well being..2.
At the other end of the scale, individuals who score low in neuroticism are less easily upset and are less emotionally reactive. They tend to be calm, emotionally stable, and free from persistent negative feelings. Freedom from negative feelings does not mean that low-scorers experience a lot of positive feelings..3.
Neuroticism is similar but not identical to being neurotic in the Freudian sense (i.e., neurosis.) Some psychologists prefer to call neuroticism by the term emotional instability to differentiate it from the term neurotic in a career test.
Sample items.
I get irritated easily.
I get stressed out easily.
I get upset easily.
I have frequent mood swings.
I worry about things.
WHAT DO I MEAN BY THE MIND:-
Mind is one of the central thoughts of philosophy . The thought typically refers to a collective shape of notion and moral sense that is expressed with the aid of capability of ideas , feelings , emotions , desires, and imaginations . There are many theories about what the questioning is and how it works . Thoughts on these theories date as soon as greater to the time of Plato , Aristotle, and different historic Greek philosophers .
The precise definition of thought is no longer possible. In this way, however, the idea is something that is conscious of its personal country and actions. The similarity of the mind is the consciousness from which the thinking is separated from the gathering.
The understanding of thinking recognition is a set of cognitive colleges along with language and memory. It is oftentimes described as the college of thought and attention of an entity. It possesses the power of imagination consciousness and grace, and is accountable for the processing of feelings and thoughts as a result of attitudes and actions.
Different ideas can be understood from extremely good thoughts with the actually absolutely beneficial recommended really useful aid of exceptional cultural and non secular traditions. Some human beings see the questioning as an asset to human beings on the different hand others attribute the elements of the wondering to non-living beings (such as pantheism and zoology) to animals and gods. The medieval European logician Plato, Aristotle, and some one of a kind historical Greek Indian and later Islamic recorded theories (somehow described with human beings or souls) as examples of theories of existence and biology and natural order after death.
CHAPTER 2.
TYPES OF MIND:-
I think the mind is of 2 types.One is the conscious mind.The other is the subconscious mind.
Consciousness mind, a have self be given as actual with or a set of elements that are viewed amongst many one of a structure psychological traits, such , self-consciousness , anubhutisilata , separation of powers , and her every and each day easy everyday regular ordinary ordinary usual overall performance to apprehend the relationship between the entity and its environment. Philosophy of questioning , psychology , neuroscience , and day day out the science of interest is in many situations studied. Consciousness at its simplest is “sentience or focus of inside or external existence”. Despite centuries of analyses, definitions, explanations and debates by philosophers and scientists, consciousness remains confusing and controversial, being “at once the most familiar and most mysterious issue of our lives”. Perhaps the only broadly agreed concept about the subject is the intuition that it exists . Opinions vary about what precisely needs to be studied and defined as consciousness. Sometimes it is synonymous with ‘the mind’, other instances simply an aspect of mind. In the past it was one’s “inner life”, the world of introspection, of non-public thought, creativeness and volition. Today, with modern-day research into the intelligence it often consists of any sort of experience, cognition, feeling or perception. It might also be ‘awareness’, or ‘awareness of awareness’, or self-awareness. There might be one-of-a-kind degrees or orders of consciousness, or distinctive sorts of consciousness, or simply one variety with exclusive features. Other questions consist of whether solely people are mindful or all animals or even the whole universe. The disparate range of research, notions and speculations raises doubts whether the right questions are being asked.For many decades, attention as a lookup theme was avoided by means of the majority of mainstream scientists, because of a familiar feeling that a phenomenon described in subjective phrases should no longer exact be studied the usage of objective experimental methods. In 1975 George Mandler posted an influential psychological study which distinguished between slow, serial, and constrained mindful tactics and fast, parallel and giant unconscious ones. Starting in the 1980s, an expanding community of neuroscientists and psychologists have related themselves with a area referred to as Consciousness Studies, giving upward thrust to a move of experimental work published in books,] journals such as Consciousness and Cognition, Frontiers in Consciousness Research, Psyche, and the Journal of Consciousness Studies, alongside with regular conferences equipped through groups such as the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness[] and the Society for Consciousness Studies.
Modern clinical and psychological investigations into recognition are based on psychological experiments (including, for example, the investigation of priming consequences the usage of subliminal stimuli), and on case research of adjustments in consciousness produced via trauma, illness, or drugs. Broadly viewed, scientific approaches are based totally on two core concepts. The first identifies the content material of recognition with the experiences that are stated by way of human subjects; the 2nd makes use of the thought of cognizance that has been developed by neurologists and other medical authorities who deal with sufferers whose conduct is impaired. In both case, the final goals are to increase techniques for assessing awareness objectively in human beings as well as different animals, and to understand the neural and psychological mechanisms that underlie it.
The phrase unconscious represents an anglicized model of the French subconscient as coined in 1889 by means of the usage of the psychologist Pierre Janet (1859–1947), in his doctorate of letters thesis, De l’Automatisme Psychologique.[ Janet argued that beneath the layers of critical-thought factors of the conscious questioning lay a amazing interest that he recounted as the unconscious mind.
In the strict psychological sense, the adjective is described as “operating or present day out of doors of consciousness”.
Locke and Kristof write that there is a stop to what can be held in conscious focal awareness, an choice storehouse of one’s records and prior day out is needed, which they label the subconscious.
CHAPTER 3.
THE INTERNAL ELEMENTS OF THE MIND :-
Broadly speaking, mental colleges are the a variety of features of the mind, or things the idea can “do”.
Thought is a intellectual act that approves people to make experience of matters in the world, and to signify and interpret them in ways that are significant, or which accord with their needs, attachments, goals, commitments, plans, ends, desires, etc. Thinking entails the symbolic or semiotic mediation of thoughts or data, as when we form concepts, engage in trouble solving, reasoning, and making decisions. Words that refer to comparable ideas and techniques encompass deliberation, cognition, ideation, discourse and imagination.
Thinking is now and again described as a “higher” cognitive feature and the evaluation of wondering processes is a PART of cognitive psychology. It is additionally deeply related with our ability to make and use tools; to apprehend motive and effect; to recognize patterns of significance; to know and disclose special contexts of experience or activity; and to reply to the world in a significant way.
Memory is the capacity to preserve, retain, and because of this recall, knowledge, facts or experience. Although reminiscence has historically been a power theme in philosophy, the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries additionally saw the find out about of memory emerge as a challenge of inquiry inside the paradigms of cognitive psychology. In recent decades, it has grow to be one of the pillars of a new department of science referred to as cognitive neuroscience, a marriage between cognitive psychology and neuroscience.
Imagination is the exercise of generating or evoking novel situations, images, ideas or other qualia in the mind. It is a traditionally subjective activity, as an alternative than a direct or passive experience. The time PART is technically used in psychology for the technique of reviving in the thinking percepts of objects previously given in experience perception. Since this use of the term conflicts with that of regular language, some psychologists have desired to describe this procedure as “imaging” or “imagery” or to speak of it as “reproductive” as hostile to “productive” or “constructive” imagination. Things imagined are said to be seen in the “mind’s eye”. Among the many sensible functions of imagination are the potential to venture feasible futures (or histories), to “see” matters from another’s perspective, and to exchange the way something is perceived, along with to make selections to reply to, or enact, what is imagined. Mental elements are these objects that are thought of as being “in” the mind, and succesful of being fashioned and manipulated by means of the use of mental strategies and faculties. Examples consist of thoughts, concepts, memories, emotions, percepts and intentions. Philosophical theories of intellectual content material consist of internalism, externalism, representationalism and intentionality.
CHAPTER 4.
FEELING GOOD OR BAD:-
One can communicate metaphorically of a state of fitness of the mind, or intellectual health. Merriam-Webster defines intellectual fitness as “A kingdom of emotional and psychological well-being in which an character is capable to use his or her cognitive and emotional capabilities, feature in society, and meet the everyday demands of everyday life.” According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there is no one “official” definition of mental health. Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how “mental health” is defined. In general, most professionals agree that “mental health” and “mental disorder” are now not opposites. In other words, the absence of a diagnosed intellectual disorder is not always an indicator of intellectual health.
One way to assume about mental fitness is by using searching at how effectively and efficaciously a character functions. Feeling succesful and competent; being capable to deal with normal degrees of stress, preserving pleasurable relationships, and main an unbiased life; and being able to “bounce back,” or get better from challenging situations, are all signs and symptoms of mental health.
Psychotherapy is an interpersonal, relational intervention used by way of trained psychotherapists to aid clients in troubles of living. This normally includes increasing person sense of well-being and decreasing subjective discomforting experience. Psychotherapists employ a vary of strategies based on experiential relationship building, dialogue, communication and conduct change and that are designed to enhance the intellectual health of a purchaser or patient, or to enhance group relationships (such as in a family). Most types of psychotherapy use solely spoken conversation, though some additionally use a range of different forms of conversation such as the written word, art, drama, narrative story, or therapeutic touch. Psychotherapy takes place within a structured come across between a trained therapist and client(s). Purposeful, theoretically primarily based psychotherapy commenced in the 19th century with psychoanalysis; when you consider that then, scores of other procedures have been developed and continue to be created.
CHAPTER 5.
NEUROSCIENCE AND MIND:-
Neuroscience research the anxious system, the physical foundation of the mind. At the structures level, neuroscientists appear at how biological neural networks form and physiologically have interaction to produce mental facets and content material fabric such as reflexes, multisensory integration, motor coordination, circadian rhythms, emotional responses, learning, and memory. The underlying physical groundwork of reading and reminiscence is possibly dynamic changes in gene expression that happen in Genius neurons. Such expression modifications are introduced with the aid of epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic law of gene expression in regular involves chemical change of DNA or DNA-associated histone proteins. Such chemical changes can cause long-lasting changes in gene expression. Epigenetic mechanisms employed in learning and reminiscence encompass the DNMT3A promoted methylation and TET promoted demethylation of neuronal DNA as good as methylation, acetylation and deacetylation of neuronal histone proteins.
CHAPTER 6.
RELIGIONS AND MIND :-
Many religions associate non secular features to the human mind. These are regularly tightly related to their mythology and thoughts of afterlife.
The Indian philosopher-sage Sri Aurobindo tried to unite the Eastern and Western psychological traditions with his vital psychology, as have many philosophers and New non secular movements. Judaism teaches that “moach shalit al halev”, the thought regulations the heart. Humans can method the Divine intellectually, thru studying and behaving in accordance to the Divine Will as enclothed in the Torah, and use that deep logical appreciation to elicit and guide emotional arousal for the duration of prayer. Christianity has tended to see the mind as wonderful from the soul (Greek nous) and once in a while similarly exclusive from the spirit. Western esoteric traditions from time to time refer to a intellectual body that exists on a aircraft other than the physical. Hinduism’s a number philosophical faculties have debated whether the human soul (Sanskrit atman) is awesome from, or identical to, Brahman, the divine reality. Taoism sees the human being as contiguous with natural forces, and the idea as no longer separate from the body. Confucianism sees the mind, like the body, as inherently perfectible.
Clearly, the journey arises and is recognized with the aid of mind, however there is a 0.33 element calls Sati what is the “real experiencer of the experience” that sits apart from the journey and which can be aware of the trip in 4 levels. (Maha Sathipatthana Sutta.)
Body /
Sensations (Changes of the physique mind.) /
Mind, /
Contents of the mind. (Changes of the body mind.)
To be aware of these 4 tiers one wishes to cultivate equanimity toward Craving and Aversion. This is Called Vipassana which is extraordinary from the way of reacting with Craving and Aversion. This is the state of being conscious and equanimous to the whole ride of right here and now. This is the way of Buddhism, with regards to thinking and the last nature of minds (and persons).
Philosophy of thought is the department of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind, mental events, mental functions, mental properties, attention and their relationship to the physical body. The mind–body problem, i.e. the relationship of the mind to the body, is generally considered as the central issue in philosophy of mind, though there are other issues concerning the nature of the thinking that do no longer contain its relation to the physical body. José Manuel Rodriguez Delgado writes, “In current popular usage, soul and idea are not simply differentiated and some people, more or less consciously, nevertheless experience that the soul, and perhaps the mind, may additionally enter or go away the body as unbiased entities.
Monism is the function that idea and physique are now not physiologically and ontologically distinct types of entities. This view was once first advocated in Western Philosophy by Parmenides in the 5th Century BC and was later espoused by using the 17th Century rationalist Baruch Spinoza. According to Spinoza’s dual-aspect theory, mind and physique are two elements of an underlying reality which he variously described as “Nature” or “God”.
Physicalists argue that solely the entities postulated through bodily idea exist, and that the mind will subsequently be defined in phrases of these entities as bodily idea continues to evolve.
Idealists hold that the mind is all that exists and that the external world is either intellectual itself, or an phantasm created through the mind.
Neutral monists adhere to the role that perceived things in the world can be regarded as both physical or mental relying on whether one is fascinated in their relationship to other things in the world or their relationship to the perceiver. For example, a purple spot on a wall is bodily in its dependence on the wall and the pigment of which it is made, however it is intellectual in so some distance as its perceived redness relies upon on the workings of the visual system. Unlike dual-aspect theory, neutral monism does no longer posit a extra necessary substance of which thought and physique are aspects.
The most common monisms in the twentieth and twenty first centuries have all been variants of physicalism; these positions encompass behaviorism, the kind identity theory, anomalous monism and functionalism.
CHAPTER 7.
BRAIN AND MIND :-
The most simple scientific proof of a strong relationship between the physical intelligence be counted and the thinking is the have an effect on bodily alterations to the talent have on the mind, such as with traumatic talent damage and psychoactive drug use. Philosopher Patricia Churchland notes that this drug-mind interaction indicates an intimate connection between the brain and the mind.
In addition to the philosophical questions, the relationship between thought and intelligence includes a wide variety of scientific questions, inclusive of understanding the relationship between mental recreation and talent activity, the exact mechanisms by using which pills have an effect on cognition, and the neural correlates of consciousness.
CHAPTER 8.
SIN & THE MIND:-
Research is going on with the mind. And it is a special creation of God that will continue to study. God has made it for creating its message or feelings. It has been a representative filled with advanced creation. Yes, God’s representative is the mind. Who created this representative to understand the good or evil in the creation of the creator. Who denies that is sin. This is a CHAPTER where I mean that everyone will emphasize the words of sin and virtue because we can understand the right path if we ask a special question in our hearts. What is the question now? Everyone knows but we need to study. The question is nothing to do with our mind only that if my behavior or whom I do, if I or those who treated the same thing towards me, then did I love me or bad? .suppose you want to steal someone’s money now you ask your money you will be happy to be happy. Then stolen is a work of God’s displacement, ie a great chase. Any grandgrowth did not say that there was no need to think that God sent it to a chaste. Just do two jobs. Namely: – 1. Tribute to The CREATOR and 2. Do not do evil, (it is complex. There is the importance of greater social / emotional hardships in this.)
BEHAVIOR
Social behavior is behavior among two or more organisms within the same species, and encompasses any behavior in which one member affects the other. This is due to an interaction among those members. Social behavior can be seen as similar to an exchange of goods, with the expectation that when one gives, one will receive the same. This behavior can be affected by both the qualities of the individual and the environmental (situational) factors. Therefore, social behavior arises as a result of an interaction between the two—the organism and its environment. This means that, in regards to humans, social behavior can be determined by both the individual characteristics of the person, and the situation they are in.
Although there is some disagreement as to how to precisely define behavior in a biological context, one common interpretation based on a meta-analysis of scientific literature states that “behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli”.
A broader definition of behavior, applicable to plants and other organisms, is similar to the concept of phenotypic plasticity. It describes behavior as a response to an event or environment change during the course of the lifetime of an individual, differing from other physiological or biochemical changes that occur more rapidly, and excluding changes that are result of development (ontogeny).
Behaviors can be either innate or learned from the environment.
Behavior can be regarded as any action of an organism that changes its relationship to its environment. Behavior provides outputs from the organism to the environment.
Human behavior is believed to be influenced by the endocrine system and the nervous system. It is most commonly believed that complexity in the behavior of an organism is correlated to the complexity of its nervous system. Generally, organisms with more complex nervous systems have a greater capacity to learn new responses and thus adjust their behavior.
•Expressing uncertainty and ambiguity through hedging and indirectness.
•Polite lying
•Use of euphemisms (which make use of ambiguity as well as connotation)
•Preferring tag questions to direct statements, such as “You were at the store, weren’t you?”
omodal tags request information of which the speaker is uncertain. “You haven’t been to the store yet, have you?”
oaffective tags indicate concern for the listener. “You haven’t been here long, have you?”
softeners reduce the force of what would be a brusque demand. “Hand me that thing, could you?”
facilitative tags invite the addressee to comment on the request being made. “You can do that, can’t you?”
Some studies have shown that women are more likely to use politeness formulas than men, though the exact differences are not clear. Most current research has shown that gender differences in politeness use are complex, since there is a clear association between politeness norms and the stereotypical speech of middle class white women, at least in the UK and US. It is therefore unsurprising that women tend to be associated with politeness more and their linguistic behaviour judged in relation to these politeness norms.
Politeness strategies are used to formulate messages in order to save the hearer’s positive face when face-threatening acts are inevitable or desired. Brown and Levinson outline four main types of politeness strategies: bald on-record, negative politeness, positive politeness, and off-record (indirect) as well as simply not using the face-threatening act.
Bald on-record.
Bald on-record strategy does not attempt to minimize the threat to the hearer’s face, although there are ways that bald on-record politeness can be used in trying to minimize face-threatening acts implicitly, such as giving advice in a non-manipulative way. Often using such a strategy will shock or embarrass the addressee, and so this strategy is most often utilized in situations where the speaker has a close relationship with the listener, such as family or close friends. Brown and Levinson outline various cases in which one might use the bald on-record strategy, including:
Situations and Examples.
•Situations with no threat minimization
•Urgency or desperation
Watch out!
•When efficiency is necessary
Hear me out:…
•Task-oriented
Pass me the hammer.
•Little or no desire to maintain someone’s face
Don’t forget to clean the blinds!
•Doing the face-threatening act is in the interest of the hearer
Your headlights are on!
•Situations where the threat is minimized implicitly
•Welcomes
Come in.
•Offers
Leave it, I’ll clean up later.
Eat!
Positive politeness.
Positive politeness strategies seek to minimize the threat to the hearer’s positive face. These strategies are used to make the hearer feel good about themselves, their interests or possessions, and are most usually used in situations where the audience knows each other fairly well, or an individuals positive face needs, or self-worth, have to be met. In addition to hedging and attempts to avoid conflict, some strategies of positive politeness include statements of friendship, solidarity, compliments, and the following examples from Brown and Levinson:[17]
Situations and Examples.
•Attend to H’s interests, needs, wants
You look sad. Can I do anything?
•Use solidarity in-group identity markers
Heh, mate, can you lend me a dollar?
‘Güey, ¿me haces un paro?’*
•Translation: “Do a favor for me?” “Güey” can be an in-group solidarity marker, usually associated with certain regions of Mexico; literally meaning ‘ox’, it can be used to belittle someone and/or their intelligence. Therefore, you could only use it with friends without running the risk of a confrontation. To use it in-group, however, is an indication of friendship/solidarity, depending on intonation.
•Be optimistic
I’ll just come along, if you don’t mind.
•Include both speaker (S) and hearer (H) in activity
If we help each other, I guess, we’ll both sink or swim in this course.
•Offer or promise
If you wash the dishes, I’ll vacuum the floor.
•Exaggerate interest in H and his interests
That’s a nice haircut you got; where did you get it?
•Avoid Disagreement
Yes, it’s rather long; not short certainly.
•Joke
Wow, that’s a whopper!
Other Purposes and Usages.
Positive politeness strategies can also emerge in situations where the speakers do not know each other well. For example, Charlotte Rees and Lynn Knight[21] have explored the role politeness theory plays in general practice consultations.[21] They found that, in an effort to remain polite, patients agreed to the presence of a student observer during a general practice consultation even when the patient preferred a private consultation. Rees and Knight concluded that politeness strategies in the medical field can inhibit patients from providing complete and accurate information.
Another use of positive politeness is polite or formal speech such as Japanese honorifics. Again, this type of formal speech can be used to protect the hearer’s positive face.
Negative politeness.
Negative politeness strategies are oriented towards the hearer’s negative face and emphasize avoidance of imposition on the hearer. By attempting to avoid imposition from the speaker, the risk of face-threat to the hearer is reduced.[citation needed] These strategies presume that the speaker will be imposing on the listener and there is a higher potential for awkwardness or embarrassment than in bald on record strategies and positive politeness strategies. Examples from Brown and Levinson include:[17]
Situations and Examples.
•Be indirect
Would you know where Oxford Street is?
•Use hedges or questions
Perhaps, he might have taken it, maybe.
Could you please pass the rice?
•Be pessimistic
You couldn’t find your way to lending me a thousand dollars, could you?
So I suppose some help is out of the question, then?
•Minimize the imposition
It’s not too much out of your way, just a couple of blocks.
•Use obviating structures, like nominalizations, passives, or statements of general rules
I hope offense will not be taken.
Visitors sign the ledger.
Spitting will not be tolerated.
•Apologetic
I’m sorry; it’s a lot to ask, but can you lend me a thousand dollars?
•Use plural pronouns
We regret to inform you.
Three main stages of favor seeking.
Favor seeking, or a speaker asking the hearer for a favor, is a common example of negative politeness strategies in use. Held observes three main stages in favor-seeking: the preparatory phase, the focal phase, and the final phase:[22]
1.The preparatory phase is when the favor-seeking is preceded by elaborate precautions against loss of face to both sides. It often involves signals of openings and markers to be used to clarify the situation (e.g. ‘You see,’ or ‘so,’). The request is often softened, made less direct, and imposing (e.g. past continuous ‘I was wondering’; informal tag ‘What d’you reckon?). The speaker must also reduce his own self-importance in the matter and exaggerate the hearer’s (down-scaling compliments).
2.The focal stage is subdivided into elements such as asker’s reasons or constraints (e.g. ‘I’ve tried everywhere but can’t get one’), the other’s face (e.g. ‘You’re the only person I can turn to’), and more.
3.The third stage is the final stage which consists of anticipatory thanks, promises, and compliments (e.g. ‘I knew you would say yes. You’re an angel.’).
McCarthy and Carter[22] provide an example of negative politeness using the following dialogue from the Australian television soap opera, “Neighbours”:
Clarrie: So I said to him, forget your books for one night, throw a party next weekend.
Helen: A party at number 30! What will Dorothy say about that?
Clarrie: Well, what she doesn’t know won’t hurt her. Of course, I’ll be keeping my eye on things, and (SIGNAL OF OPENING) that brings me to my next problem. (EXPLAIN PROBLEM) You see, these young people, they don’t want an old codger like me poking my nose in, so I’ll make myself scarce, but I still need to be closer to hand, you see. So, (ASK FAVOR) I was wondering, would it be all right if I came over here on the night? What d’you reckon?
Helen: Oh, Clarrie, I…
Clarrie: Oh (MINIMIZATION) I’d be no bother. (REINFORCE EXPLANATION) It’d mean a heck of a lot to those kids.
Helen: All right.
Clarrie: (THANK WITH BOOST) I knew you’d say yes. You’re an angel, Helen.
Helen: Ha! (laughs)
All of this is done in attempt to avoid imposition on the hearer. Negative politeness is concerned with proceeding towards a goal in the smoothest way and with sensitivity to one’s interlocutors. In English, deference (‘Excuse me, sir, could you please close the window’) is associated with the avoidance or downplaying of an imposition; the more we feel we might be imposing, the more deferential we might be.[1] It is clearly a strategy for negative politeness and the redressing of a threat to negative face, through actions such as favor-seeking.
Off-record (indirect).
The final politeness strategy outlined by Brown and Levinson is the indirect strategy; This strategy uses indirect language and removes the speaker from the potential to be imposing. The strategy of doing off-record to express something general or different than the speaker’s true meaning and relies on the hearer’s interpretation to have the speaker’s purpose get conveyed.[23][24] The speaker can get cr. for not imposing on the hearer or give the hearer a chance to be helpful and generous.[25][17] This strategy relies heavily on pragmatics to convey the intended meaning while still utilizing the semantic meaning as a way to avoid losing face (see below in Choice of strategy).
Situations and Examples.
•· Minimizing the threaten toward the hearer’s freedom (S-Speaker, H-Hearer)
-S: Do you have a free chair over there? -H: Yes, I do. (grab the chair for the speaker)[23]
-S: Are you going out? -H: Yes, but I’ll come home early.[25]
•Giving the hearer a chance to show good personality in caring for others
-S: My head aches a lot. -H: Oh, I’ll get some pain-killer pills for you.
Chapter 1
WHAT IS AN INTERVIEW ?
An interview is truly a structured conversation where one participant asks questions, and the different affords answers. In normal parlance, the word “interview” refers to a one-on-one conversation between an interviewer and an interviewee. The interviewer asks questions to which the interviewee responds, commonly so information is presented with the aid of skill of the interviewee to interviewer – and that records may also be used or supplied to exclusive audiences, whether or not or not in actual time or later. This characteristic is common to many kinds of interviews – a job interview or interview with a witness to an match can also have no other target market existing at the time, however the answers will be later furnished to others in the employment or investigative process. There are three types of interviews: unstructured, semi structured, and structured.
OUT LINE PREPARATION
Research the enterprise and company. …
Clarify your “selling points” and the reasons you prefer the job. …
Anticipate the interviewer’s concerns and reservations. …
Prepare for frequent interview questions. …
Line up your questions for the interviewer. …
Practice, practice, practice.
Chapter 2
BASIC INTERVIEW QUESTIONS:
Basic interview questions:
Tell me about yourself.
What are your strengths?
What are your weaknesses?
Why do you want this job?
Where would you like to be in your profession 5 years from now?
What’s your ideal company?
What attracted you to this company?
Why need to we hire you?
What did you like least about your remaining job?
When had been you most cosy in your job?
What can you do for us that different candidates can’t?
What had been the duties of your ultimate position?
Why are you leaving your present job?
What do you be aware of about this industry?
What do you understand about our company?
Are you willing to relocate?
Do you have any questions for me?
Salary questions:
What profits are you seeking?
What’s your earnings history?
If I have been to provide you this earnings you requested however let you write your job description for the subsequent year, what would it say?
Career development questions:
What are you looking for in phrases of career development?
How do you choose to improve your self in the next year?
What type of goals would you have in thinking if you bought this job?
If I were to ask your closing supervisor to furnish you additional training or exposure, what would she suggest?
Getting began questions:
How would you go about setting up your credibility quickly with the team?
How long will it take for you to make a great contribution?
What do you see your self doing inside the first 30 days of this job?
If chosen for this position, can you describe your strategy for the first ninety days?
Tell me about yourself. …
Why should we hire you? …
What is your greatest strength? …
What is your greatest weakness? …
Why do you want to leave (or have left) your current job? …
What are your salary expectations? …
Why do you want this job? …
How do you handle stress and pressure?
Consider this listing your interview query and reply study guide.
Tell Me About Yourself.
How Did You Hear About This Position?
Why Do You Want to Work at This Company?
Why Do You Want This Job?
Why Should We Hire You?
Chapter 3
MORE QUESTIONS
What Are Your Greatest Strengths?
What Do You Consider to Be Your Weaknesses?
What Is Your Greatest Professional Achievement?
Tell Me About a Challenge or Conflict You’ve Faced at Work, and How You Dealt With It.
Tell Me About a Time You Demonstrated Leadership Skills.
What’s a Time You Disagreed With a Decision That Was Made at Work?
Tell Me About a Time You Made a Mistake.
Tell Me About a Time You Failed.
Why Are You Leaving Your Current Job?
Why Were You Fired?
Why Was There a Gap in Your Employment?
Can You Explain Why You Changed Career Paths?
What’s Your Current Salary?
What Do You Like Least About Your Job?
What Are You Looking for in a New Position?
What Type of Work Environment Do You Prefer?
What’s Your Management Style?
How Would Your Boss and Coworkers Describe You?
How Do You Deal With Pressure or Stressful Situations?
What Do You Like to Do Outside of Work?
Are You Planning on Having Children?
How Do You Prioritise Your Work?
Chapter 4
ABOUT ENGLISH SPEAKING
Acknowledge English as a peculiar language
Sometimes you can locate patterns in English grammar, however different instances English doesn’t make sense at all. For example, why are “read” (read) and “read” (red) the equal word, but pronounced in a different way relying on whether or not you are speak me about previous or present tense? Or why “rats” is the plural of “mouse”, however “houses” is the plural of “house”?
Unfortunately, there are exceptions to the rule in English. If you try to discover the cause of everything, it is convenient to learn how to communicate English correctly. Stuck English is sometimes weird and indescribable.
Chapter 5
HERE ARE 8 WAYS TO IMPROVE YOUR MEMORY.
Eat Less Added Sugar. …
Try a Fish Oil Supplement. …
Get Enough Sleep. .
Make Time for Meditation. …
Maintain a Healthy Weight. …
Practice Mindfulness. …
Drink Less Alcohol. …
Train Your Brain.
Besides you may follow……
Focus Your Attention. …
Avoid Cramming. …
Structure and Organize. …
Utilise Mnemonic Devices. …
Elaborate and Rehearse. …
Visualise Concepts. …
Relate New Information to Things You Already Know. …
Read Out Loud.
CHAPTER 6
YOUR RESUME
Your resume is a way to listing your capabilities and qualifications. Just as importantly, it can be used to exhibit manageable employers that your competencies fit their needs. Take the time to tweak your resume to each job that you apply for. Look for keywords and themes in the job description and make certain that your resume highlights those terms.
For example, perhaps a job requires “ computer skills”. Make positive to listing unique examples of how you have used.
Be authentic.
Dress the PART.
Use first names.
Bring a replica of your resume.
Allow the pause.
Show pastime in the company.
Talk about what you can do for them.
Be completely organized to answer any interview question that comes your way.
Chapter 7
TYPES AND STAGES OF AN INTERVIEW
#1) Introductions. One of the most important steps in the interview process simply so occurs to be the first. …
#2) Small Talk. After introductions are finished, it is a top thought behavior a bit of small speak with the candidate. …
#3) Information Gathering. …
#4) Question/Answer. …
#5) Wrapping Up.
The Skill Test
Behavioral questions permit you to locate the pleasant healthy for every role, and help you employ personnel who can pressure innovation, productivity, client delight and profits. Determine test objectives, e.g. personality, values, skills, etc. and figure out how candidates will be moved forward or eradicated based on the results.
The eight Major Types of Interviews
Informational Interview. …
Screening or Telephone Interview. …
Individual Interview. …
Small Group or Committee Interview. …
The Second or On-Site Interview. …
Behavioral-Based Interview. …
Task Oriented or Testing Interview. …
Stress Interview.
Chapter 8
SOME POSITIVE RESPONSES TO SOME CRITICAL QUESTIONS
How would you describe your ideal job – Your perfect work environment?
Your reply to this question have to be: “I would describe the ideal job as a job that makes the most of my qualifications and abilities, and offers me a risk to continuously mission myself.The ideal job capability a boss that acknowledges the significance of family. It additionally skill that when you are away from work, you experience totally cosy really and really being away.I focal point too an awful lot on the details. …
Tell me a little about yourself.”
If you are the interviewer, there may be a lot you ought to already know: The candidate’s resume and cowl letter tell you plenty, and LinkedIn and Twitter and Facebook and Google can tell you more.
The aim of an interview is to determine whether the candidate will be gorgeous in the job, and that potential evaluating the capabilities and mind-set required for that job. Does she want to be an empathetic leader? Ask about that. Does she want to take your company public? Ask about that.
If you’re the candidate, speak about why you took certain jobs. Explain why you left. Explain why you selected a positive school. Share why you decided to go to grad school. Discuss why you took a yr off to backpack via Europe, and what you got out of the experience.
“What are your largest weaknesses?”
What are your weaknesses?
I have a difficult time letting go of a project. …
I have hassle saying “no.” …
I get impatient when projects run beyond the deadline. …
I every so often lack confidence. …
I can have bother asking for help. …
It has been hard for me to work with positive personalities.
Every candidate is aware of how to answer this question: Just pick out a theoretical weak spot and magically transform that flaw into a power in disguise!
For example: “My largest weak point is getting so absorbed in my work that I lose all song of time. Every day I seem up and recognise every body has long gone home! I recognise I should be greater aware of the clock, however when I love what I’m doing I simply can’t suppose of whatever else.”
A higher strategy is to choose an actual weakness, but one you are working to improve. Share what you’re doing to overcome that weakness. No one is perfect, however showing you’re willing to sincerely self-assess and then are seeking approaches to improve comes tremendously darned close.
“What are your largest strengths?”
I’m now not positive why interviewers ask this question; your resume and experience ought to make your strengths effectively apparent.
Even so, if you’re asked, grant a sharp, on-point answer. Be clear and precise. If you are a brilliant problem solver, don’t simply say that: Provide a few examples, pertinent to the opening, that prove you’re a first-rate hassle solver. If you’re an emotionally intelligent leader, don’t simply say that: Provide a few examples that prove you know how to answer the unasked question.
In short, don’t just declare to have sure attributes – prove you have those attributes.
Chapter 9
GOOD LUCK
I wish you success today.I am requesting in advance to read the next book . I will do it after further research.
May God bless you my son.And my respect to the senior.
I will be benefited from you if you will be benefited and get success.
Bye and see you at my next book.
অধ্যায় সমূহ 